Large-scale coastal erosion in Torrey Pines State Preserve, California. Recently, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reiterated the need to consider a range of coastal erosion solutions, not just structural solutions. Non-structural coastal protection methods that have the potential to control erosion include, for example, dune stabilization using fencing and/or native vegetation, wetland protection and restoration, and relocation or removal of structures and debris. Kovacs, J.M. 2000. Perception of environmental changes in a tropical coastal wetland. Land Degradation & Development, 11: 209-220. Forests and trees provide some coastal protection, and deforestation of coastal forests and trees has increased coastal vulnerability to erosion (Figure 4.1) – as in Vietnam (Mazda et al., 1997; Cat et al., 2006), Malaysia (Othman, 1994), Indonesia (Bird and Ongkosongo, 1980; Nurkin, 1994; Tjardana, 1995), Sri Lanka (Samarayanke, 2003), India (Malini and Rao, 2004; Gopinath and Seralathan, 2005) China (Bilan, 1993) and Thailand (Thampanya et al., 2006). This article explains and examines the causes of coastal erosion caused by human activities.
erosion management options; and the role of coastal forests and trees in protecting coastal zones from coastal erosion and their socio-economic and environmental considerations. Samarayanke, R.A.D.B. 2003. Overview of the national fisheries situation in Sri Lanka. In: G. Silvestre, L., I. Stobutzki, M. Ahed, R.A. Valmonte-Santos, C. Luna, L. Lachica-Alino, P.
Munro, V. Christense & D. Pauly (eds.) Assessment, management and future direction of coastal fisheries in Asian countries, pp. 987-1012. Proceedings of the WorldFish Center 67 conference. 1120 pages. Although coastal erosion affects all regions of the United States, erosion rates and potential impacts are very localized. Average coastal recession rates of 25 feet per year are not uncommon on some barrier islands in the southeast, and rates of 50 feet per year have occurred along the Great Lakes. Severe storms can remove wide beaches as well as large dunes in a single event.
In underdeveloped areas, these high recession rates are probably not very worrisome, but in densely populated areas, a foot or two of coastal erosion can be considered catastrophic. Here you will find the reliefs created by coastal erosion. Storms can cause erosion hundreds of times faster than normal weather. Before and after comparisons can be made using data collected by manual surveying, laser altimeter or an ATV-mounted GPS device. [15] Remote sensing data such as Landsat scenes can be used for large-scale, multi-year assessments of coastal erosion. [16] Prasetya, G.S. & K.P. Black. 2003. Sanur and Kuta Beaches in Bali – Case Studies for Replacing Traditional Coastal Protection with Offshore Reefs.
Acts of artificial surf reef, 2003. Raglan, Neuseeland. Sri Lanka`s experience with coastal erosion dates back to 1920 (Swan, 1974; 1984). The situation has become more serious because mangroves are being eradicated by encroachments (human settlements), deforestation of firewood and clearing of coastal areas for intensive shrimp farming. The forest area of mangroves was estimated at about 12,000 hectares in 1986; this area fell to 8,687 hectares in 1993 and was estimated at only 6,000 hectares in 2000 (Samrayangke, 2003). Approximately $30 million has already been spent on breakwaters and other construction to combat coastal erosion on the south and west coasts (UNEP, 2006); However, coastal erosion persists in some coastal areas. Solar erosionThe sun itself is actually an instrument of erosion! When rocks warm up, they expand. Expanding rocks can sometimes crack and crumble. Table 4.1 Different types of coastal protection structures in Tanjong Benoa and Sanur Bali to protect the valuable tourist base. Clockwise: satellite images of the coastal breakwater and artificial promontory, caves and beach feeding (Google Maps); promontory and beach with coconuts; loc cit waru trees; Protection of renovation with limestone in combination with waru trees (note the dangerous location of boats) Coastal restoration projects can be very profitable for communities. Benefits of returning land to its undeveloped state include protection from storm surges, protection of coastal homes and businesses, sequestration of carbon and other pollutants, creation of habitat for commercial and recreational fish species, and restoration of open spaces and wildlife that support recreation. tourism and the culture of coastal communities.
Understanding key processes: Understanding key processes of coastal dynamics and coastal functioning in areas where coastal erosion is a problem is essential to determine the system boundary that reflects natural processes.