Legally, they are assigned to the corresponding ministries. Its duration should be limited “until the fundamental social rights set out in the 1999 Constitution are guaranteed”. One of the main goals is the eradication of extreme poverty by 2021. [18] The foundations of social missions form a strategy to rethink these social programs, which now have a new direction: settlement in extremely poor communities. On 7 August 2013, the National System of Missions and Main Missions was installed, defined as: “an integrated set of policies and programmes that materializes the rights and guarantees of the welfare state of law and justice, which builds a platform for the organization, articulation and management of social policy at the different levels.” 1 aimed to: maintain the scope of social policy in order to contribute to the eradication of extreme poverty. Read the full report. The Bolivarian Missions have been repeatedly praised for their impact on poverty, education and health, while being described as “the means to combat extreme cases of exclusion” and as “the pillar of progress in the fight against poverty”. [30] The number of beneficiaries varies. According to the government, more than 20 million Venezuelans (60% of the population) have benefited. [31] A 2015 report by several universities questioned the effectiveness of Bolivarian missions, and according to the study, only 10% (about 3 million) of Venezuelans surveyed benefited from the missions. Of this 10 per cent, almost half were not affected by poverty. [32] The same study concluded that 57% of Venezuelans who are not beneficiaries of the missions would like to be. [33] In this context, the Director of ECLAC`s Social Department, Martin Hopenhayn, said in 2009: “Since 2003, there has been a very strong process of reducing poverty and unemployment.
There is no doubt about that. [10] The funding of these social programs comes mainly from the increase in social assistance budgets by the government and, above all, from the surpluses of the state-owned Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) for oil exports. Venezuela has the largest proven oil reserves in the world and is one of the largest producers. [59] According to estimates provided by United Nations (UN) technicians in collaboration with the Government of Venezuela, between 2009 and 2013, the state spent about $61,000 million on missions,[18] most of the budget came from PDVSA contributions, which invested $17,300 million in these programs in 2012 and $13,000 million in 2013, Like what. [60] The infant mortality rate (up to 5 years) increased from 22.1 per 1000 live births to 14.9 between 1999 and 2013. [42] [43] The Gini coefficient, which measures the index of wealth distribution in a country (“1” total inequality, “0” total equality), increased from 0.478 in 1999 to 0.448 in 2006. In 2007, the Government allocated 44.6 per cent of its budget to social projects, compared to the average for the period 1999-2007 of 12.8 per cent of GDP. At the municipal level, it has municipal coordination [Note 6] with a coordinator appointed by the coordination of the State and composed of municipal coordinators of the missions and municipal spokesmen of the people`s power. [1] Other tasks include objectives such as land reforms and rural development (Misión Zamora and Misión Vuelta al Campo), promotion of agricultural activities in urban areas (Gran Misión AgroVenezuela), creation of civilian militias (Misión Miranda), social cohesion (Misión Vuelvan Caras), promotion of science and culture. Social programs required foreign technicians and specialists for their development, in this sense Cuba was the main supplier of these specialists, which include about 13,000 divided between doctors, teachers, trainers and other qualified professionals. [44] In return, Venezuela supplies Cuba with about 53,000 barrels (8,000 m³) of oil per day at a lower price than international markets.
[44] Mission sustainability is a topic of ongoing discussion. [4] Interviewed mainly in his early days and after the death of Hugo Chávez. Venezuela`s main critics focus on the fact that the sustainability of the missions fundamentally depends on the price and exports of oil. [10] The US magazine Foreign Policy described Venezuela “as a case of Dutch disease, due to the sharp increase in revenues from the sale of oil and its subsequent waste to satisfy voters.” [51] The Chávez government claimed to have spent more than it should on social spending without saving enough money to deal with future unforeseen economic events, unforeseen events that Venezuela experienced shortly after the death of Hugo Chávez, and during the economic policies of the government of Nicolás Maduro[52], marked by the economic crisis and the rise in inflation and scarcity. In 2003, the opposition called a recall referendum. In response, the Chávez government created the Misiones, a new strategy to accelerate social programs to improve the government`s ties with popular sectors, and which would win the recall. [14] From 2003 until the referendum of August 15, 2004, eight missions were launched: Mission Barrio Adentro to improve health care, Mission Robinson for literacy, Mission Robinson II for school education until the sixth grade, Mission Ribas for secondary education, Mission Sucre for the opening of new university quotas, Mission Miranda for the organization of new military reserves, Mercal`s mission to ensure access to food and Vuelvan Cara`s mission for the development of cooperatives and endogenous development nuclei. After Chávez`s victory in the recall referendum and in the following years, the creation and development of missions continued, such as Mission Habitat for access to land and housing, Mission Identity for the cession of the entire population, Mission Guaicaipuro for the attention of indigenous communities, Mission Piar for support to minors, Mission Zamora for land restoration and the fight against the Latifundio, Mission Culture for socio-cultural development, Mission Negra Hipólita for the awareness of the homeless or Mission Science for local scientific development. [15] On February 27, 1999, shortly after the beginning of his presidency, Hugo Chávez announced the Bolívar 2000 plan.